In contrast to the witty Willmore, Blunt has no power over the prostitute who has seduced him. Aphra Behn, one of the most influential dramatists of the late 17th century, was also a celebrated poet and novelist. Willmore asks if there are more willing women in Naples, and his friends tell him of Angelica, a beautiful prostitute who charges a thousand crowns per month. The mention of this liaison reminds Hellena of Willmore. Sebastian runs after Willmore to bring him back. Restoration Comedy also brought with it the first appearance of actresses on the modern English stage (as opposed to the cross-dressing men of Elizabethan theater); in fact, one of Charles IIs mistresses was the famous Restoration actress Nell Gwynn. FLORINDA.What an impertinent thing is a young Girl bred in a Nunnery! << The Rover; or, the Banish'd Cavaliers. Angellica laments that no one has taken her up because of the high price, but when she learns of Don Pedro and Don Antonio, both of whom are rich, she decides to pursue them, then goes back inside. Yet when Hellena emerges in her gypsy disguise, he immediately begins flirting with her again. When Hellena still refuses to go to bed with him, Willmore agrees to marry her; the two at last tell each other their names. Meanwhile, Blunt is tricked out of his money and clothes by Lucetta. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. -Graham S. Restoration Comedy came into being in England after the overthrow of Oliver Cromwells republican government (which itself came after the execution of Charles I in 1649) and the reestablishment of the monarchy in 1660. She is believed to have married a man with the last name Behn in the mid-1660s, but little is known about him, and she may have made him up completely. Note how love has made her possessive of Willmore, how there is some truth to the idea that love puts ties around those who fall into it. Disastrously, Willmore and Frederick enter, calling out Belviles name. Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing PLC ISBN: 9781474261180 Number of pages: 176 The cavalier grows intrigued, believing that a third woman adores him. The original full title, The Rover; or, The Banish 'd Cavaliers, indicates that the play was a tribute to the formerly exiled cavalier and newly reinstated king, Charles II. They encounter Blunt, who believes himself in love with Lucetta. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. This copy is of particular interest because it was used as a prompt-book for a mid 18th-century revival of the play at Covent Garden Theatre. Lucretius, . Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Willmore, who adores beauty, is genuinely moved by her fairness, and feels more attracted to her than ever. He decides to rescue her later that evening. Although she died poor, and suffering terribly from rheumatoid arthritis, her fame was so great that she was buried in Westminster Abbey. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Struggling with distance learning? is banisht his Country, despised at home, and pityd abroad. Willmore and Blunt enter and break them up. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. The Question and Answer section for The Rover is a great Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Hellena says that she is not in love, but she cannot stop thinking about Willmore. On a street in Naples, Belvile enters, melancholy with love for Florinda. Willmore tries to persuade Angellica to sleep with him for free. Willmore: So, so, the Storm comes finely on. WITS, like Physicians, never can agree, When of a different Society; And Rabel's Drops were never more cry'd down By all the Learned Doctors of the Town, Than a new Play, whose author is unknown: Nor can those Doctors with more . An extraordinarily popular example of Restoration comedy, the play earned an extended run, enabling Behn to make a fair income from it, receiving the proceeds from the box office every third night. Although Angelica was reluctant to love, she now has strong feelings for Willmore. Loveday Ingram directed this masterpiece of Restoration comedy. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Angellica enters just in time to see another fight break out. Festival Playhouse, Kalamazoo College, Kalamazoo, Michigan (2005) Directed by Karen Berthel. BELVILLE, an English Colonel deeply in love with Florinda despite the disapproval of her brother, Pedro. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Belvile reminds Willmore of the gypsy girl he had liked earlier (Hellena in disguise), but the Rover protests that he does not want to think of any other woman. Despite temptation from all sides, Belvile refuses to be unfaithful to Florinda, proving his nobility. He stands firm. Given the promiscuity of men like Willmore, it is unsurprising that Florinda doubts the loyal Belviles faithfulness. Willmore: By Heaven Angelica: Hold, do not damn thy self Hellena: Nor hope to be believd. The Rover follows the escapades of a band of banished English cavaliers as they enjoy themselves at a carnival in Naples. Despite the problems with their union, their meeting of two like minds is presented in an incredibly positive and romantic light. Florinda, Valeria, and Hellena, still masked, enter the same street so that Hellena can meet Willmore. The duel proceeds. (including. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Best summary PDF, themes, and quotes. She agrees, despite the warnings from her maidservant Moretta. Hellena enters disguised as a man. Meanwhile, Lucetta, a prostitute, plots with her pimp Sancho to rob the wealthy Blunt. With Angelica in love with Willmore, she has lost the ability to make money, because she will no longer sleep with her clients. Prithee no more, Hellena; I have told thee more than thou understand'st already. -Graham S. Florinda believes, mistakenly, that Hellenas embrace of love makes her somehow wrong and sinful. Blunt is staying in Belville's house. 271-82. Meanwhile, Hellena takes off her mask, and Willmore is struck by her beauty. Using the concept of the repertoire as a frame for situated . 4.8 out of 5 stars 12. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. Instant PDF downloads. One of Aphra Behn's most successful and celebrated plays, The Rover is a classic Restoration comedy, dealing with the romantic intrigues of a group of English gentlemen on holiday in Naples over carnival weekend. Paperback. Blunt enters in a Spanish habit, looking ridiculous. The Rover Act 3, Scene 1 Summary & Analysis | LitCharts The Rover by Aphra Behn Upgrade to A + Intro Plot Summary Summary & Analysis Themes Quotes Characters Symbols Theme Wheel Teachers and parents! Having famously worked as a spy for Charles II against the Dutch, Behn lost her meagre income when the king refused to pay her expenses. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Department of Theater, Dance & Film, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (2009) Directed by Gian Giacomo Colli. Despite adaptations by the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1986 (Swan Theatre) and 1987 (Mermaid Theatre in London), where the play's setting was altered to take place in the West Indies, most performances of the script in the past 25 years have been by experimental or smaller troupes. Expressing a wish to see his own beloved again. Relieved, Belvile and Florinda resolve to marry, as the other men beg forgiveness. 142 printed pages. VALERIA, a Kinswoman to Florinda who helps Florinda scheme and hide from Pedro. And dost thou think that ever Ill be a Nun? Set loose in the topsy-turvy world of Carnival, her characters demonstrate the active, complicated game required of women seeking to secure personal happiness. The Rover played in the Swan Theatre in 2016, a fusion of sights and sounds, whirling music, cultural tension, dubious romance and dilapidated beauty. This is the last straw for Angellica. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." Chrome 103.0, so you may experience some difficulties using this website. Willmore offers to pay her for her services; she refuses. What, go in Masquerade? The men resolve to draw their swords, deciding that whoever carries the longest sword will determine whether Florinda is noble. Learn how and when to remove this template message, Theater Arts at the California Institute of Technology, "Ithaca College Theatre Presents 'The Rover', The Widdow Ranter, or, the History of Bacon in Virginia, The Younger Brother, or, The Amorous Jilt, Love-Letters Between a Nobleman and His Sister, Agnes de Castro; or, The Force of Generous Love, Short View of the Immorality and Profaneness of the English Stage, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rover_(play)&oldid=1095454238, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using infobox play with unknown parameters, Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017, All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention, Articles needing additional references from December 2017, All articles needing additional references, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Carnival time in Naples, Italy during the. DON ANTONIO, the King's Son, The Viceroy's Son, who is good friends with Don Pedro. They learn of Willmore and Hellena's engagement and Pedro approves, tired of fearing for his sister's honour (virginity). CALLIS, Governess to Florinda and Hellena in charge of overseeing the girls and making sure they stay out of trouble. /Length 2596 Hellena then attacks him, quoting to him what he had just said about Angellica. Antonios comrades join in, as do Willmores, and the Englishmen beat the Spaniards. This squabble exemplifies the power of mens desires over their common sense. Florinda enters, sees Blunt and asks him for help. Frederick fears that she might be a lady of some worth and asks Blunt to wait. "[3] This resembled the reception that Behn's Rover received as well, and resulted in The Rover disappearing from the stage until the late 1970s. Everything you need for every book you read. Florinda runs in, still masked and pursued by Pedro. Willmore comes out and brags about having enjoyed Angellica's charms for free. Frederick, practical but not entirely moral, tells Belvile to take the jewel because the cavaliers are so poor. Pedro soon enters from one side of the stage, and Antonio enters from the other; both men are masked. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. Blunt hides in his room as his friends and Pedro besiege the door, finally breaking it down. Pedro exits. Belville recognizes Florinda's picture in the locket and resolves to rescue her that night, with Willmore and Frederick's help. King Charles II was himself a fan of The Rover, and received a private showing of the play. In the largely immoral world of The Rover, wit and facility with language are the most highly prized virtues that a person can possess. Her contemporary reputation was founded primarily on her "scandalous" plays, which she claimed would not have been criticized for impropriety had a man written them. Although she most likely does not believe him, Hellena is once again drawn to his wit and eloquence. Featuring multiple plot lines, which deal with the adventures of a group of love-struck Englishmen in Naples, Aphra Behn's play explores issues of love, trickery and deception, forced marriage, male power, fidelity, and the excesses of sexual passion. Willmore exits with an aside in which he says he plans to try to win Hellena back. 2. Aphra Behn: the politics of translation Elizabeth Spearing; 9. The "gender-bending production will make selective use of nudity", This page was last edited on 28 June 2022, at 13:12. Shotgun Players, Berkeley, California (2015). I wrote a new adaptation of The Rover and directed it for The Chance Theater in Anaheim; the production ran in January and February of 2005. Willmore pulls down a picture of Angelica. She gazed around upon the Place, And saw . Assuming that he has killed Antonio, the cavalier staggers away. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. A large cast of characters become involved in scenes of adultery, seduction, misrepresentation, and intricate swordplay in this Spanish colonial-era drama set in 17th-century Italy. The group reenters later in the day, intending to seek out Angelica. In 1670, her first play, The Forc'd Marriage, was performed, and she became the first professional woman playwright. Public Domain. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. Hellena also exits, and Willmore vows to find her. Pedro believes that this is a sign of Antonios love for Florinda, and gives his now unmasked sister to his opponent. ANGELLICA BIANCA, a famous Courtesan in Spain who returns to Naples to put herself up for sale. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. The Mask of Marriage: Virtue, Honor, Reputation and Female Identity in the Sexual Economy of The Rover; The Use of the Fantasy Genre in Behn's The Rover and More's Utopia It is set during the Interregnum, and its subtitle, The Banished Cavaliers, is a reference to Royalists who had gone into exile along with Charles II. Angelica: Oh perjurd Man! resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. In the end, Florinda and Belvile are married, and Hellena and Willmore commit to marry one another. She exits, and he discovers that it contains her picture, realizing that he has been talking to his beloved. Then Don Pedro, Belville, and Willmore enter. Angelica has not only slept with Willmore, but also given him moneya double victory for the penniless, lusty cavalier. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. 1640-1689. She grants it, and Frederick and Valeria decide to marry each other as well. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Center for the Performing Arts, Illinois State University (2009) Directed by Chris Garcia Peak. Her most well known work, The Rover, came in 1677, its hugely positive reaction leading Behn . For a rakish man like Willmore, marriage is the ultimate defeat, because it would force him to be faithful to only one woman. Pedro decides to give Florinda to Belville in revenge. The cavalier, meanwhile, remains convinced in his love for Angelica. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Florinda protests, but Belville secretly lifts his mask to show her who he is. most subsequent Behn studies and supported the view of Behn as a "public woman" whose role is structured by the logic of the marketplace and her own commodification.3 However, this focus on Behn as performer and public commodity neglects the countervailing theme of private retreat in Behn's self-portrayal. Hellena, however, has a far more advanced idea of love: by articulating her former idea of love in clichs and platitudes, she is in fact describing how different love is in reality. Ist thus you pay my generous Passion back? Valerias romance with Frederick is yet another subplot that the play juggles. Willmore sees this and starts a fight with Antonio. He takes the gun from Angellica, then recognises Willmore as the man who stole Angellica's picture. A very different facet of Behns work shines through in, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. Hellena falls in love with Willmore, but difficulties arise when a famous courtesan, Angellica Bianca, also falls in love with Willmore. Blunt, for instance, is instantly a figure of fun as soon as the audience hears his dull, plodding speech; he becomes even more so when he foolishly allows himself to be taken in by the clever Lucetta. Willmore: Faith, Child, I have been bred in Dangers, and wear a Sword that has been employd in a worse Cause, than for a handsom kind WomanName the Dangerlet it be any thing but a long Siege, and Ill undertake it. It is a Restoration comedy of manners set in Naples during Carnival, when the city becomes a pleasure-seeking playground for the. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. They all go off to find him. This play was set in Naples, Italy during the Carnival. The Rover is a seventeenth-century play by Aphra Behn, the English language's first professional female writer. While Willmore has forgotten Hellena, she cannot stop thinking about him. Meanwhile, Pedro orders the girls governess, Callis, to keep Hellena from the Carnival. By the 1670s and 80s, Behn was one of the most prolific and successful playwrights for the British stage. Belvile confronts Willmore, telling him that he has nearly raped Florinda and demanding a duel; Willmore refuses. When she resists he attempts to rape her, but when Belville and Frederick enter, Florinda runs off. The two agree that Belvile will duel disguised as Antonio. Meanwhile, Florinda and Valeria are testing Belville's loyalty to Florinda by trying to seduce him while he doesn't know who they are. The characters constantly reference wit, and the audience is invited to judge the inhabitants of the play based on how clever they are. The Rover Aphra Behn Upgrade to A + Theme Wheel Teachers and parents! Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs He may perhaps encrease her Bags, but not her Family. Florinda and Valeria enter, disguised in different costumes, having momentarily escaped Pedro. BLUNT, a foolish English Country Gentleman who gets duped out of all his possessions by Lucetta. As Antonio explains that the duel is over Florinda, Belvile becomes even more upset, believing that Florinda has another suitor. [1], The play was later adapted by Mr. John Phillip Kemble in 1790 in a production called Love in Many Masks. The original full title, The Rover; or, The Banish'd Cavaliers, indicates that the play was a tribute to the formerly exiled cavalier and newly reinstated king, Charles II. Since Antonio is wounded and cannot duel Pedro, Belville could dress up as Antonio and go instead. Aphra Behn, The Rover Authors: Ros Ballaster Abstract For Stuart loyalists of the 1660s and 1670s, the genre of comedy provided opportunities for the representation and celebration of a new. Amid the fast and furious world of the South American carnival, three wandering cavaliers roam in exile whilst three women looking for love and fighting for a little freedom explore this vibrant, frenzied, dizzying world. Complete your free account to request a guide. Behn uses traditional poetic language and form to capture the modern hope of equality for women. Teachers and parents! Valeria tells Belville and Florinda to get married quickly, before Pedro returns. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Belvile, imprisoned in Antonios house, is surprised when the Spaniard gives him a sword. With the help of Sancho, and her lover Philippo, Lucetta steals his belongings and exit. Blunt enters in Spanish clothing, looking ridiculous, as do a group of revelers. The Rover roamed the English stage for a century and has been rediscovered in our own time as a theatrical masterpiece of wit and daring. The play ends with vows of love between Hellena and Willmore. This new edition contains a completely new introduction, and takes into account important criticism from the past decade, as well as a new understanding of the nature of theatre in Behn's time, and the significance of her contribution to English drama. Aphra Behn (1640?1689) combined dramatic genius and training with personal experience that gave her rare insight into manners and roles. Willmore is intrigued by this blithe and unexpected attitude, unused to meeting a woman whom he cannot seduce and betray. MORETTA, the "lady in waiting," or personal assistant, of Angellica Bianca. Chinese Culture University, Taipei (2008). Willmore and Belville almost fight, but Frederick intervenes. She makes Willmore promise never to see Angellica again. However, she is easily convinced and is later trapped in a chest so that she can't interrupt the marriage of Florinda. Florinda ducks into a door to avoid Willmore; it turns out to be Belville's house. Plays were judged based solely by their facility with language rather than the inventiveness of their plots or the morality of their lessons. Genius is the ultimate source of music knowledge, created by scholars like you who share facts and insight about the songs and artists they love. As this plot unravels, Hellena's older sister, Florinda, attempts to avoid an unappealing arranged marriage to her brother's best friend, and devises a plan to marry her true love, Colonel Belvile. Just then, Willmore and Frederick enter. The Rover by Aphra Behn 1. You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Meanwhile, Willmore sees a smaller picture of Angellica and tries to steal it. This book is currently unavailable. L'Homme la mode de George Etherege (1676) et L'cumeur d'Aphra Behn (1677), tous apparus . Oh hadst thou still been so, Id livd in safety. A confident, and brave woman like her sister, she questions religion and convinces Willmore to marry her. Department of Theatre, Film and Television Studies, Aberystwyth University, Wales (2010) Directed by Richard Cheshire. the Koran, the Kalevala), authors (e.g. [2] Kemble's version featured three acts instead of the normal five. Aphra Behn was England's first female professional playwright and a strong voice in early feminism. 2 0 obj This device was supposed to pique the interest of male audience members, who enjoyed admiring an actresss legs in the revealing, tight breeches; later scholars, however, have also considered the breeches role subversive, because it allowed for playwrights such as Behn to explore gender roles within their works. HELLENA, a young Woman designd for a Nun, and Sister to Florinda. This paper - a reflection upon the play The Rover (originally composed by Aphra Behn), which was performed at East Los Angeles College on 2009 - argues that originality, uniqueness, and feeling of independence are the main traits of The Rover. Hellena's speech on rape and unwanted marriage was left out, and the part of the plot relating to the near rape of Florinda by Willmore is only implied. The Rover (play) _Aphra Behn Date premiered: 24 March 1677 Place premiered: Duke's Theatre, Dorset Gardens, London Setting: Carnival time in Naples, Italy during the English Interregnum Genre: Restoration Comedy (That kind of drama which prevailed between the restoration of the English monarchy in 1650 and the advent of sentimental comedy early in the 18th c. University of Minnesota/Guthrie Theater BFA Actor Training Program (2012) Adapted/Directed by Joel Sass, performed by the graduating class of 2013. Directed by Nicole Stodard (8 February 3 March 2013). These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of the play The Rover by Aphra Behn. LitCharts Teacher Editions. This was not the only abbreviation applied to Behn's original work. Stephano reveals that the duel is for her honor and she becomes upset, believing that Pedro is fighting against Belvile. Struggling with distance learning? *1 J "6DTpDQ2(C"QDqpIdy~kg} LX Xg` l pBF|l *? Y"1 P\8=W%O4M0J"Y2Vs,[|e92se'9`2&ctI@o|N6 (.sSdl-c(2-y H_/XZ.$&\SM07#1Yr fYym";8980m-m(]v^DW~ emi ]P`/ u}q|^R,g+\Kk)/C_|Rax8t1C^7nfzDpu$/EDL L[B@X! Willmore: I should have changed my Eternal Buff too: but no matter, my little Gypsy woud not have found me out then: for if she should change hers, it is impossible I should know her, unless I should hear her prattleA Pox ont, I cannot get her out of my Head: Pray Heaven, if ever I do see her again, she prove damnably ugly, that I may fortify my self against her Tongue. Struggling with distance learning? Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. However, she has feelings for Belville, an English colonel. He turns to Angellica and starts describing Hellena as a Gypsy, ugly, a monkey, etc. Willmore moves fluidly from one object of desire to the next, genuinely forgetting about women when he is not with them. How full of Questions! The Rover played in the Swan Theatre in 2016, a fusion of sights and sounds, whirling music, cultural tension, dubious romance and dilapidated beauty. Blunt is still sceptical but agrees. Elaine Hobby introduces Behn's play and explores how it was first performed and received. Struggling with distance learning? The Rover essays are academic essays for citation. Traduzioni in contesto per "my degree in Foreign Languages and" in inglese-italiano da Reverso Context: After my degree in Foreign Languages and Literatures I attented the course for "Cultural and Environmental Guide" promoted by my Region and, once passed the examination of final qualification, I regularly enrolled in the Regional Register of the Tour Guides with resolution n. Hellena enters, still in boy's clothes, and banters with Willmore, who wants to sleep with her but doesn't want to marry her. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Thinking Cap Theatre, Fort Lauderdale. Hellena: Why woud you, Sir, abuse my Ladys Faith? Belville is confused as to why Florinda would defend his rival but they push her away and fight. Please either update your browser to the newest version, or choose an alternative browser visit. Royal Shakespeare Company, The work of the RSC is supported by the Culture Recovery Fund, Unfortunately we cannot guarantee support for browsers with Javascript disabled, you may experience some difficulties using this website. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. 107-23. She expresses her pain at his abandonment, asserting that she must kill him for all womankind. This attitude is a surprisingly modern one (indeed, it shocks Florinda), and reflects Aphra Behns skill and imagination as a writer. Pedro enters, masked, and reveals that he will be fighting Antonio, relieving some of Florinda's fears. After a disastrous flop called Like Father Like Son, the prologue of which caused Behn to be sued for libel, she stopped writing plays. DON PEDRO, Florinda and Hellena's brother, a Noble Spaniard, Antonio's Friend. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. Angelica enters with her bravoes and, seeing the couple, responds jealously. Willmore, enraged, draws his sword, challenges Antonio to a duel, and wounds the Spaniard. Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs According to Restoration poet John Dryden, it "lacks the manly vitality of Killigrew's play, but shows greater refinement of expression." Seeing both men (along with Wilmore), the women put on their masks. The way the content is organized and presented is seamlessly smooth, innovative, and comprehensive." Hellena knows this fact, and uses it to mock him. Willmore enters, drunk, mistakes Florinda for a prostitute, and tries to persuade her to sleep with him. She begs him spare Pedro. Hellena asks what Willmore was doing in Angellica's house; he denies that anything transpired. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. When she turns out to be a prostitute and thief, he is humiliated and attempts to rape Florinda as revenge against all women for the pain and damage that Lucetta has caused him. Original publication. Instant PDF downloads. Pedro declares that they are fighting not for Angelica, but for Florinda, and exits. While they mock him, servants enter and place pictures of Angelica around the stage, so that all can observe her beauty. Florinda and Valeria, meanwhile, are amused that the witty Hellena is caught in the trap of love. Condemned by the Inquisition to house arrest in his old age, Cardano wrote The Book of . PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. Willmore sneaks in, masked, drunk and belligerent. They draw swords to see who has the longest. BISKEY and SEBASTIAN, two Bravoes to Angelica. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. %PDF-1.7 Florinda gives them a diamond ring and asks them to consult Belville. Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. Belville recognizes the ring as the one he gave Florinda when they exchanged vows.